WebIn this paper, we consider biquandle colorings for knotoids in ℝ 2 or S 2, and we construct several coloring invariants for knotoids derived as enhancements of the biquandle counting invariant.We first enhance the biquandle counting invariant by using a matrix constructed by utilizing the orientation a knotoid diagram is endowed with. WebKnotoids, knots, polynomial invariants. 1. Introduction Knotoids were first introduced by Turaev in [12] and were further studied by Neslihan G¨ug¨umc¨u and Louis Kauffman in [5]. For other major refer-ences on knotoids see [4,6,7]. Knotoids are mostly studied on the 2-sphere S 2(called spherical knotoids) and in the two-dimensional space ...
Vassiliev measures of complexity of open and closed curves in 3 …
Web20 mrt. 2024 · Knotoids are open-ended knots with two endpoints that can lie anywhere in the surface. In this sense, the theory of knotoids in \(S^2\) generalizes classical knot … Web18 aug. 2024 · Invariants of Bonded Knotoids and Applications to Protein Folding. August 2024; Symmetry 14(8):1724; ... picking another pair and twisting them, and so on, for a finite number of twists [12, 13]. how to detangle fine matted hair
A Survey on Knotoids, Braidoids and Their Applications
Webknotoids is an invariant of planar knotoids, but the converse might not be true. In this paper, we introduce new polynomial invariants for both planar knotoids and spherical … Web26 jun. 2024 · Recently, knotoids have been studied in the field of biochemistry as they suggest new topological models for open linear protein chains. The invariants introduced in [ 12, 14, 31] have been used for determining the topological entanglement of open protein chains in [ 10, 11 ]. Web25 mrt. 2024 · We generalize Niebrzydowski’s biquandle longitude invariant for virtual long knots to obtain new invariants for knotoids. We show that biquandle invariants can detect mirror images of knotoids and show that our enhancements are proper in the sense that knotoids which are not distinguished by the counting invariant are distinguished by our … how to detangle matted hair painlessly